Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone or bone marrow caused primarily by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus. It can also result from fungal or, rarely, viral infections. The condition can be acute or chronic, leading to bone destruction, impaired healing, and systemic complications if untreated.

What Is Osteomyelitis?

Osteomyelitis occurs when pathogens invade bone tissue, either through:

1. Hematogenous spread: Infection travels through the bloodstream from another part of the body.

2. Contiguous spread: Infection extends from nearby soft tissue or wounds.

3. Direct inoculation: Bone trauma, fractures, or surgical procedures introduce pathogens.

Key characteristics:

• Inflammation of bone marrow and surrounding bone tissue.

• Possible abscess formation within bone.

• Pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms such as fever or malaise.

Types

1. Acute Osteomyelitis

   • Rapid onset; may develop within days to weeks of infection.

   • Common in children and often affects long bones.

2. Chronic Osteomyelitis

   • Long-standing infection; may persist for months or years.

   • Often associated with necrotic bone (sequestrum) and sinus tract formation.

3. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

   • Bloodborne infection; more common in children.

4. Post-Traumatic or Post-Surgical Osteomyelitis

   • Infection following fractures, orthopedic implants, or surgery.

5. Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis

   • Infection of bones in diabetic patients due to ulcers and peripheral neuropathy.