Standardization of roles under cdm health and safety helps establish a baseline for competence, though the complexity of principal contractor duties in refurbishment projects requires more than simple PPE enforcement. Modern construction strategies are forced to evolve as the definition of "construction work" expands under recent case law. Principles found in the ISO 45001 standard offer some mitigation, but application in domestic projects remains inconsistent. Certain notification thresholds actually disincentivize the very transparency they aim to foster.